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COTTON: 

Its Production, Movement and Manufacture 
in the United States, and its Manufacture 
specially in the South; Movement and Con¬ 
sumption in Great Britain and on the Conti¬ 
nent; with some account of its Production, 
&c., in India, Brazil and Egypt; and the Out¬ 
look for 1875. 









9 


COTTON: 

Its Production and Movement in 
the United States; Movement 
and Consumption in Great Brit¬ 
ain and on the Continent; with 
some account of its Production, 
&c., in India, Brazil and Egypt, 
and the Outlook for 1875. 


Presented by the 


Southern Fertilizing Comp’y, 

'I 



S 














0 




Information of general importance contained 
in this Book. 

1 . Some words on the Outlook for 1875. 

2. Production, consumption, exports, average w^eight of bale, and 

price in New York and Liverpool, of American Cotton, for 
forty-eight years (from 1825-’6 to 1872-’3). 

3. Movement of Cotton at the ports of the United Stat^ps, year 

1873-M. 

4. Export movement of American Cotton, year ending August 

31st, 1873. 

5. Cotton manufacture of the United States, in detail, per Census 

of 1870. 

6 . Cotton manufacture in the Southern States. 

7. Cotton in Great Britain, showing imports and manufactures. 

8 . Movement of Cotton at Liverpool, year 1873-’4. 

9. Cotton Consumption of Europe. 

10. Cotton in India, Brazil and Egypt. 

11 . The Agriculture of the United States, per Census of 1870. 


WM. H. PALMER, President. 
JOHN ENDERS, Vice President. 
JOHN OTT, Secretary. 



W. H. TA YL OR, Chemist, 

State Chemist and Assayer. 
IV. H. GILHAM, Ass’t Secy. 


The Southern Fertilizing Company, 


RICHMOND, VA», yanuary 22^ 

To Our Friends : 

The efforts of this Company to present to our people 
what was being done by the rest of the world in the produc¬ 
tion of wheat and tobacco, have met with such general ap¬ 
proval that we are moved to attempt a like service in con¬ 
nection with the cotton crop. The figures we now submit 
have been drawn from the most trustworthy sources, and 
must prove interesting tot every one concerned in the pro¬ 
duction and movement of this imperial staple. 

These tables show: i. The production, consumption, move¬ 
ment at ports, price, exports and manufactures of cotton in 
the United States. 2 . Imports, consumption, movement at 
Liverpool, price and manufactures of cotton in Great Bri¬ 
tain, the central cotton rnarket of the world. 3 . Continental 
consumption of cotton. 4 . Cotton in India, Brazil, Egypt, 
&c. 5 . The Agriculture of the United States; and to this ta¬ 

ble we invite special attention. 

Information of this character, by enlarging the view of our 
people, should, by their observation of what competition they 
have to encounter, make them better farmers, and by the 
contemplation of the enormous results obtained, increase 
their interest in and respect for this most noble of all call¬ 
ings. Take another view, in respect of information presented 
in this shape. We must not only know the fact, but know it 
exactly; for with less than this, principles, to serve for valua¬ 
ble guidance, cannot be deduced. “Statistics are the intel¬ 
lectual representations, in their most precise form, of the 
phenomena and realities to which they apply.” 


4 


Desiring to be as fully advised as possible concerning 
the outlook for 1875 (for cotton has not ruled at prices, since 
the beginning of the season for marketing the present crop, 
as good as were expected or desired) we sought the opinion 
ol Mr. B. F. Nourse, of Boston, who, in extent of informa¬ 
tion and accuracy of forecast on this subject, ranks with M. 
Ott-Trumpler, of Zurich. The following extracts from his 
reply, dated 7 th instant, will be found very interesting: 

“ The rainy weather, lately and still prevailing throughout 
the cotton-growing country, affords fair presumption of a fa¬ 
vorable planting season, as the very fair and dry weather 
through the winter of 1870-71 gave reason to expect the 
spring following such a wet season, during and after planting, 
as would throw that crop into the grass (see my letter of 
March, 1871 , in Mobile Register) and cause its partial failure. 
We may, therefore, expect such large cotton planting as a 
favorable season can influence. There is no known change, 
of increase or diminution, in the production of other coun¬ 
tries, except as caused by the vicissitudes of season, from 
the average of the last four years. Prices are not likely to 
influence our planters, at least for reduction. Middling up¬ 
land will not probably fall below 7 ^ pence in Liverpool, or 
14 ^ cents in New York, before planting time, if at all be¬ 
fore another crop shall be grown. At these prices, cotton 
will pay but small profits, and for that the business must be 
well managed on large plantations, yet nothing else can be 
made, as a crop, that will pay so well, and a vast working 
population must make cotton or do nothing. Good or fair 
grain crops were made the past season, and labor offers itself 
at low wages; is obedient, tractable, disciplined, as it has not 
been before since 1864 . The colored people are fast learn¬ 
ing that their prosperity and comfort will be best secured by 
the prosperity of the planters, or by industriously working 
their own small holdings. In either case cotton is produced. 
I can discover no evidence that less acres of cotton will be 
planted in 1875 than were in 1874 ; it may be, indeed, that 
more will be planted, as was the case in slavery times, when 


a fall in price compelled larger production that an equal 
amount might be realized. Beyond question, this crop hav¬ 
ing been produced with less borrowing, less debt, and a 
smaller cost than any since 1862 (less debt even than any 
since 1850), the people who produce cotton are in condition 
to enlarge the planting of it materially, if they will. The 
cessation of work on railroad construction, and in other busi¬ 
ness, adds to the labor, seeking employment in Texas, Arkan¬ 
sas, &c., and its only resource is cotton. Granges may com¬ 
bine to induce smaller planting; but they will not prevent any 
man producing what he can, and the aggregate of all these 
make the crop. The planting, I think, will be about the same 
as usual; larger, if the season be favorable for it. The out¬ 
turn depends on the weather chiefly, with good ordinary cul¬ 
ture of the fields. Men may plant, but God sends the har 
vest. The yield may be again partly cut off, as this year and 
last, or it may be bountiful from a wholly good season.” 

This opinion we present on its merits, although fully sen¬ 
sible of the difficulties, in a crop of such universal range, 
attending an estimate, except approximately, based upon 
probabilities. Under the stimulus of war prices, induced by 
the short supply from this country, and the efforts of the 
Cotton Supply Association of Manchester, England, and 
they were manfully undertaken and carried out, other coun¬ 
tries produced heavily; but when the war ended, despite the 
radical change produced by that event in our labor system, 
made doubly difficult to manage through the vicious outside 
influences under which it was brought, the cotton States of 
this country have gone on, from year to year, to increase 
their production, until now their old pre-eminence is almost 
regained. It is demonstrated, indeed, that no advantage of 
cheapness of labor elsewhere can counterbalance our advan¬ 
tages of soil and climate for cotton-growing, so long as our 
labor is well organized, and can be commanded at a reason¬ 
ably low cost. When we consider that as early after the war 
as the crop of i87(>-’7i, as much as 4,350,000 bales were 
produced, it is legitimate to inquire what offset to his disor- 


6 


ganized labor the planter could bring to his aid. It was 
found in his free use of concentrated manures^ and that almost 
alone; and this same aid will enable him all the better to do 
what has been so long desirable (looking to his comfort and 
the increase of his wealth), namely— diversify his crops; 
certainly raise food enough for his family and stock. It is 
simply impossible for the cotton country to occupy the 
dignity and exercise the influence the volume of its products 
should command, as long as it consents to remain the willing 
slave of the North and West in the matter of its food sup¬ 
plies for man and beast. While it is reasonable and 
proper that an inter-State commerce should obtain in a coun¬ 
try of such diversified products as the United States, still 
this should not be carried to an extreme involving impove¬ 
rishment to any portion of it. Each section should, as far 
as possible, be self-sustaining, and look for the increase of its 
wealth mainly to the sale of its surplus products to nations 
abroad in need. To do this, transportation to the sea¬ 
board must be at the minimum ; and, to our mind, this ques¬ 
tion to-day, in the United States, next to untrammelled State 
governments, rises superior to, indeed involves, all others. 

It does not, it is true, so vitally concern the Cotton country 
as it does the West. All that country is convenient either to 
the seaboard or to the Mississippi, and has, therefore, the ad¬ 
vantage of shorter land carriage than the West. Besides, 
Cotton being worth so much more per pound, could stand 
this charge when it would be ruinous to the Grain of the 
West. The problem of cheap transportation will probably 
find a solution elsewhere than in railways, at least, on the 
costly basis of construction now prevailing in this country. 
When we see that two or three mules and say four hands, to 
a canal boat, will transport almost as much as two freight 
trains, we can understand the direction this inquiry must take. 
Continental Europe knows the value of canals. Its sharp 
competition with America should certainly induce us not to 
be content with fewer advantages. 


1826- 

1827- 

1828- 

1829- 

1830. 

1831- 

1832- 

1833- 

1834- 

1835- 

1836- 

1837- 

1838- 

1839- 

1840- 

1841- 

1842- 

1843- 

1844- 

1845- 

1846- 

1847- 

.1848- 

1849- 

1850- 

1851- 

1852- 

1853- 

1854- 

1855- 

1856- 

1857- 

1858- 

1859- 

I860. 

1861- 

1862- 

1863- 

1864- 

1865- 

1866 

1867- 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872- 


7 


eduction of 


Cotton in the United States 


ht years {182^-6 to j 8'/2- j ); also, the Home Constimption, Exports, 
ight per Bale, and average price per Potmd in New York and Liverpool. 

(B. F. Nouksk, Boston.) 


I’rodnction, 

Bales. 


720,027 
957,281 
720.593 
870.415 
976,845 
1,038,847 
987,477 
1,070,438 
1,205,394 
1,254,328 
1,360 725 
1.423.930 
1,801,497 
1,360,532 
2,177,835 
1 634,954 
1,683,574 
2,378,875 
2,030,409 
2,394,503 
2,100,537 
1,778,651 
2,439,786 
2,866,938 
2,233,718 
2,454,442 
3,126,310 
3,416,214 
3,074,979 
2.982,634 
3,665,557 
3,093,737 
3,257,339 
4,018,914 
4,861,292 
3,849,469 


2,097,254 

2,519,554 

2,366,467 

3,122,551 

4,362.317 

3,014,351 

3,930,508 


Home 

Consumption, 

Bales. 


149,516 

120,593 

118,853 

126,512 

182,142 

173,800 

194.412 

196.413 
216,888 
236,733 
222,540 
246,063 
276,018 

^ 295,193 

■ 267,850 
267,850 
325,129 
346,750 
389,000 
422 600 
428,000 
616,044 

■ 642,485 
613,498 
485.614 
689.603 
803,725 
737,236 
706,417 

770.739 
819,936 
595 562 
927,651 
978,043 

843.740 


666.100 

770,030 

906,636 

926,374 

865,160 

1,110,196 

1,237,330 

1,201,127 


f No trustwor- ] 
j thy statistics ! 
j for these j 
1 years, J 
2,269,316 


Exports, 

Bales. 

Average 
net weight 
per bale. 

Lbs. 

Middling 

Average 
price per lb. 
in New 
York, in 
cents and 

booths. 

Upl.\.nd. 

Average 
price per lb. 
in Liver¬ 
pool, in 
pence and 

booths. 



12.19 

5.85 

854,000 

331 

9.29 

5.79 

600,000 

335 

10.32 

5.84 

740,000 

341 

9.88 

5,32 

839,000 

339 

10.04 

6.44 

773,000 

341 

9.71 

5.72 

892,000 

360 

9.38 

6.22 

867.000 

350 

12.32 

7.87 

1,028,000 

363 

12.90 

8.10 

1,023,500 

367 

17.45 

9.13 

1,116,000 

373 

16.50 

8.79 

1,169,000 

379 

13.25 

6.09 

1,575,000 

379 

10.14 

6.28 

1,074,000 

384 

13.36 

7.19 

1,876,000 

383 

8.92 

5.42 

1,313,5C0 

394 

9.50 

5 73 

1,465,500 

397 

7.85 

4.86 

2,010,000 

409 

7.25 

4.37 

1,629.500 

412 

7.73 

4.71 

2 083,700 

415 

5.63 

3.92 

1,666,700 

411 

7.87 

4.80 

1,241 200 

431 

11.21 

6.03 

1,858,000 

417 

8.03 

3.93 

2,228,000 

436 

7.55 

4.09 

1,590.200 

429 

12.34 

7.10 

1,988,710 

416 

12.14 

5.51 

2.443,646 

428 

9.50 

5.05 

2,528,400 

428 

11.02 

5.54 

2,319,148 

430 

10.97 

5.31 

2.244,209 

434 

10.39 

5.60 

2,954.606 

420 

10.30 

6.22 

2,252,657 

444 

13.51 

7.73 

2.590,455 

442 

12.23 

6.91 

3,021,403 

447 

12.08 

6.68 

3 774.173 

461 

11 00 

5.97 

3,127,568 

477 

13.01 

8.50 



31.29 

18.37 



67.21 

22.46 



101.50 

27.17 



83.38 

19.11 

1,554,664 

. 441 

43.20 

15.30 

1,557,054 

444 

31.59 

10.98 

1,655,816 

445 

24.85 

10.52 

1,465,880 

444 

29.01 

12.12 

2,206,480 

440 

23.98 

9.89 

3,166.742 

442 • 

16.95 

8.55 

1,957,314 

443 

20.48 

10.78 

2,679.986 

464 

18.15 

9.65 






























































8 


Cotton Crops 

Of i 8 '/J -4 and i 8 j 4 -f, hy States, the Receipts at the several Ports, &^c. 

{Financial Chronicle, New York.) 



Actual. 

Estimated. 


Actual. 

Estimated. 

STATES 

WHERE GROWN. 

Year ending 
Sept. 1, 1874. 

Year ending 
Sept. 1, 1875. 

PORTS 

WHERE ftE\RKETED, &c. 

Year ending 
Sept. 1, 1874. 

Year ending 
Sept. 1, 1875. 


Bales. 

Bales. 


Rales. 

Bales. 

Texas . 

500,000 

420,000 

675,900 

575,000 

75,000 

600,000 

400,000 

550,000 

480.000 

Galveston, &c . 

389,045 
1,221,698 
299,578 
14,185 
625 857 
438,194 
57,895 

400,000 

1,230,000 

375,000 

25,000 

675.000 

475,000 

90,000 

Louisiana. 

New Orleans. 

Mississippi . 

610,000 

650,000 

100,000 

Mobile . 

Alabama . 

Florida . . 

Florida. 

Savannah . 

Georgia .. 

665,000 

400,000 

Charleston .. 

South Carolina, 

North Carolina. 

North Carolina, 
Arkanas . 

225,000 

400,000 

275,000 

360,000 

Virginia . 

New York, Boston and 

505,876 

450,000 

Tennessee . 

300,000 

210,000 

Baltimore. 

251,962 

237.572 

128,526 

250,000 

200,000 

130,000 


Overland. 

Southern consumption. 

Total crop. 

4,170,000 

4,300,000 

Total crop. 

4,170,388 

4,300,000 


Export Movement of Cotton 

From the United States during the year ending gist August, i 8 yj. 
{United States Bureau of Statistics.) 


EXPORTED FROM 

Bales. 

New Orleans.. . 

1,177,058 

Mobile . 

132 130 

South Carolina. 

160,169 

Georgia. 

375,895 

210,438 

Texas . 

Florida. 

North Carolina. 

1,632 

Virginia. 

7,722 

New York... 

573,498 

Boston . 

11,128 

6,792 

Philadelphia . 

Baltimore. 

20,943 

Portland, Maine. 

2,257 

San Francisco. 

324 

[Note. — The total expoi'tof “domes¬ 
tic commodities” from the United States, 
year ending June 30, 1872, was, in value, 
$54i).219,718; exports of gold and silver. 
$72,799,985. Balance, $476,419,733. Of 
this balance the export of raw Cotton 
was $180,684,595, or 38 per cent. Total 
export, year ending 30th June, 1873, was 
$649,132,503. Gold and silver, $73,907,- 
011. Balance, $575,225,552. Of this hai- 
ance the export of raw Cotton was $227,- 
243 009, or 39^^ per cent. As the worst 
government in the South is found in the 
Cotton States, is it wise in the American 
people to allow its continuance, when 
but a single i)roduct of those States fur¬ 
nishes two-fifths of everything (crude and 


manufactered) exported by tlie United 

2,679,986 

States exclusive of gold and silver?] 


EXPORTED TO 


Liverpool... 

London . 

Glasgow. 

Queenstown, Cork, &c . 

Cowes, Falmouth, &c.. 

Havre.i. 

Rouen. 

Amsterdam. . . 

Bremen .. 

Hamburg. 

Antwerp . 

Rotterdam . 

Gottenburg and Stockholm. 

Uddevalla. 

Barcelona . 

Santander . 

Malaga . 

San Sebastian, &c . 

Genoa. 

Trieste. 

Salerno ... 

Narva. 

Cronstadt .; 

Revel. .. 

Helsingfors. 

Mexico ... 


Bales. 


1,842,117 
336 
701 
50,487 
11,455 
251,172 
1.731 
32,404 
191,586 
24,691 
25,387 
15,706 
. 10 136 
1,650 
52,194 
1,280 
7,753 
2,543 
36,470 
2,947 
844 
5,903 
56,227 
51,426 
1,060 
997 
783 


2.679,986 



































































































































9 


Movement of Cotton in U. S. Ports for year i873-’4. 

{New York Cotton Exchange.) 


WEEKS. 

1 

Stock 

in all Ports 

1873 

Receipts 

for 

W eek. 

Total 

Receipts to 

date. 

Exports 

for 

Week. 

Total 

Exports to 

date. 

Price 

Mid. Up. 

New York. 

Gold in 

New York 

3 P. M. 

Sterling 

Com’l 

60 Days. 

New York. 

Sept. 

5 

Bales. 

81,206 

Bales. 

9,335 

Bales. 

Bales. 

3,274 

Bales. 

Cents. 

20M 

115 

107 

(( 

12 

71,106 

14,415 

23,750 

48,930 

8,195 

11,469 

20% 

112% 

107% 

;( 

19 

75,144 

25,180 

5,463 

16,932 

18% 

IO73I 

(( 

26 

92,881 

38,842 

87,772 

5,716 

22,648 

ng 

112 

102 

Oct. 

3 

112,925 

54.035 

141,807 

9,699 

32,347 


110% 

105% 

105% 

(( 

10 

136,.547 

51,115 

192,922 

12,323 

44,670 

108% 

(( 

17 

159,669 

78,753 

271,675 

30,990 

75,660 

16% 

108% 

104% 

(( 

24 

221,656 

103,800 

376,475 

24,165 

99,825 

15% 

108i| 

105% 

u 

31 

256,686 

102,935 

478,410 

51,294 

151,119 

15 

108% 


Nov. 

7 

308,814 

133,569 

611,979 

66,"79 

207,898 

15% 

106% 

104 

(( 

14 

358,888 

130,250 

742,229 

67,785 

275,683 

109 

105% 

C( 

21 

391,410 

130,153 

872,382 

83,406 

359,089 

15% 

110 

105% 

(( 

28 

432,690 

123,739 

996,121 

65,431 

424,520 

16% 

109% 

106% 

Dec. 

5 

481,517 

170,559 

1,166,680 

92,478 

516,998 

16 

109% 

107% 

CC 

12 

556,422 

181,174 

1,347.854 

88,597 

605,595 

16% 

110 

108 

(( 

19 

637,010 

200,139 

1,574,993 

97,676 

703,271 

794,751 

16% 

111% 

108 

u 

26 

734,681 

215,.594 

1,763,587 

91,480 

16 

no 

107% 

Jan. 

2 

776,096 

169,678 

1,933,265 

10-2,531 

897,282 

16% 

110% 

488% 


9 

757,835 

138,.349 

2,071,614 

109,771 

1.007,053 

16% 

111% 

480% 

(C 

16 

778,643 

159,298 

2,230,912. 

104,656 

1,111,709 

16% 

111% 

480% 

(( 

23 

795,357 

157,995 

2,388,907 

114,422 

1,226,131 

16% 

111% 

481 

(( 

30 

821,106 

160,201 

2,549,108 

99,999 

1,326,130 

isM 

nig 

481 

Feb. 

6 

814,596 

148,756 

2,697,864 

114,365 

'1,440,495 

15% 

111% 

482% 

481% 

« 

13 

848,330 

128,580 

2,826,444 

69,817 

1,510,312 

16% 

112% 

(( 

20 

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123,046 

2,949,490 

98,282 

1,608,594 

16% 

■ 

112% 

481% 

U 

27 

831,867 

102,678 

3,052,168 

81,405 

1,689,999 

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480% 

March 

0 

764,545 

98,236 

3,150,404 

129,819 

1,819,818 

16% 

111% 

481% 

481% 

482% 


13 

722,618 

79,649 

3,230,053 

102,502 

1,9-22,320 

16% 

112 

<i 

20 

694,360 

66,711 

3,296.764 

81,161 

2,003,481 

16% 

111% 

C( 

27 

661,149 

63,026 

3,359,790 

79,743 

2,083,224 

16% 

113% 

482% 

April 

3 

600,682 

59,047 

3,418,837 

92.851 

2176.075 

17 

113% 

482% 

482% 

482% 

(( 

10 

552,870 

48,912 

3,467,749 

86,652 

2,262,727 

17 

113% 

(C 

17 

511,113 

39,193 

3,506.942 

72,590 

2,335,317 

17% 

113% 

({ 

24 

465,015 

32,224 

3,539,166 

65,560 

2,400,877 

17% 

112% 

483% 

May 

1 

411,021 

29,404 

3,568,570 

69,176 

2,470,053 

17% 

112% 

485% 

(( 

8 

363,715 

24,497 

3,593,067 

67,006 

2,537,059 

112% 

486 

(( 

15 

325,852 

22,534 

3,616,601 

46,807 

2,583,866 

18% 

112% 

486 

(( 

22 

308,220 

21,323 

3.639,924 

25,302 

2,609,168 

18% 

112% 

486 

U 

29 

326,345 

22,925 

3,662,849 

19,197 

2,628,365 

18% 

112% 

486 

June 

5 

295,601 

16,513 

3,679,362 

24,564 

2.652,929 

18% 

111% 

486 

(( 

12 

274.411 

12,416 

3.691,778 

25,157 

2,678,086 

18 

111 

485% 

485% 

CC 

19 

260,867 

12,461 

3,704,239 

18,040 

2,696,126 

17% 

111% 

(( 

26 

245,838 

12,426 

3,716,665 

14,043 

2,710,169 

17% 

111% 

485% 

July 

3 

242,0 il 

7,698 

3,724,363 

7,178 

2,717,347 

17% 

110% 

485% 

(( 

10 

222,982 

9,722 

3.734,085 

13,002 

10,*217 

2,730,349 

17% 

109% 

485% 

(( 

17 

210,170* 

8,601 

3,742,686 

2,740,566 

17% 

no 

484% 

(( 

24 

187,992 

5,637 

3,748 323 

20,405 

2,760,971 

17 

109% 

484% 

(( 

31 

176,879 

4,895 

3,753,218 

4,713 

2,765,684 

17 

109% 

485 

Aug. 

7 

155,234 

5,199 

3.758,417 

8,764 

2,774.448 

17% 

109% 

485 

U 

14 

141,826 

4,785 

3,763,202 

5,918 

2,780,366 

17 

109% 

484% 


21 

124,584 

6,6-25 

3,768,827 

9,545 

2,789,911 

16% 

109% 

(C 

28 

109,735 
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5,927 

3,230 

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9,166 
5,380 , 

2,799,077 

2,804,457 

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16% 

109% 

484% 




















































































































































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{United States Census, /8yo.) 


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[United States Census, i8yo.) 


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12 


Cotton Manufacture in the South. 

In the table we present, showing the Cotton manufacture of the United 
States, there will be found the results in each particular State, as ascertained 
by the Census of 1870. As labor becomes more skilled, the tendency in¬ 
creases, especially in the Northern mills, to produce finer goods in competi¬ 
tion with the fabrics imported from Europe. This tendency inures to the 
benefit of the Southern mills, by enlarging their trade for yarns and un¬ 
bleached goods. The progress of this modification, in the character of 
work, can be best shown as follows: Taking the average annual consump¬ 
tion of Cotton in the whole country, and the rate is 65 lbs. to the spindle; 
in the Northern States, 60.7 lbs.; in the Southern States, 138.12 lbs. The 
average size or number of yarn produced is : The whole country, 271; in the 
North, 28; in the South, 12|-. The average number of yarn, as nearly as 
can be ascertained, in 1860, was 23; in 1850, it was 221; in 1840, it was 
20. The consumption per annum of 65 lbs. of cotton to the spindle, for an 
average of 271 yarn, after allowing 20 per cent, for gross waste, will yield 
52 lbs. of yarn, or 1,430 hanks, or 4.76 hanks per day for three hundred 
working days. Of course, with equal speed, the coarser the yarn, the greater 
the quantity of cotton used. 

This change from heavy to lighter and finer fabrics, may be shown in 
another way. By the census of 1860, the raw cotton consumed in the mills 
of the United States was 422,704,975 lbs. By the census of 1870, it was 
398,302,257 lbs., or a decrease of 6 per cent. But the value of the goods 
produced, in 1870, was $177,489,739, against $115,681,774 in 1860, or an 
increase of 53 per cent. ; and wages paid, in 1870, were $39,044,132, against. 
$23,938,236, or 62 per cent, increase. The average wages paid per head, in 
1870, were $288, against $196 in 1860; and value of products, in 1870, 
$1,341 per head of operatives, against $948 in 1860. 

The circumstances, under a state of things reasonably prosperous, attend¬ 
ing the manufacture of cotton in the South, are particularly favorable. The 
wages of operatives need not be as high as in the North, because the mildness 
of the climate makes unnecessary the same provision for their maintenance ; 
then the cheap and unlimited water-power, to be found near the lines of 
transportation in nearly every State, is ice-locked but a few weeks in the 
year at most; and then the proximity to the producer of the raw material 
saves transportation, waste, brokerage, and other charges. But for these 
advantages, the business could not have been sustained under the difficul¬ 
ties that have beset such undertakings in the South since the war. Onerous 
taxation by unscrupulous State Governments, unskilled labor, and inability 
to command at will the necessary capital, have been drawbacks that only 
great advantages otherwise could counterbalance. 

From the “ Financial Chronicle^' of New York (and no source of infor- 


13 


mation in sucli matters stands higher), we get the following detailed state¬ 
ment of Southern cotton consumption: 

STATEMENT 

Of the Number and Capacity of Cotton Mills in the Southern States, and the Consumption 
of Cotton, year ended June 30, 1874. 


STATES. 

Number of Mills. 

Number of Looms. 

Number of Spindles. 

Average size of Yarn. 

Average Kunning 
Time. 

Average consumption 

of Cotton per Spindle. 

Quantity of Cotton 

used. 

Quantity of Cotton 

used. 

Consumption, Census 

1870. 

Consumption, 1873. 





No. 

Weeks. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Bales. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Alabama. 

16 

1,360 

57,594 

10.50 

48.37 

112.83 

6,490,079 

13,772 

3,249,523 

6,635,66a 

Arkansas. 

2 

28 

1,256 

12 

51 

121.69 

136,000 

293 

66,400 

128,990 

Georgia. 

42 

2,934 

137,330 

12.71 

47.77 

133.57 

18,522,899 

39,920 

10,921,176 

17,213,790 

Kentucky. 

4 

42 

10,500 

6.26 

49.24 

178.86 

1,878,020 

4,047 

1,584,625 

1,744,600 

Louisiana. 

3 

300 

15,000 

12 

47.02 

86.31 

1,294,560 

2,790 

748,525 

1,227,690 

Mississippi. 

11 

348 

15,150 

11.33 

39.29 

75.17 

1,138,804 

2,545 

580,764 

1,375,460 

Missouri. 

4 

382 

18,656 

10.75 

49.66 

183.25 

3,481,573 

7,288 

2,196,600 

4,449,390 

North Carolina. 

30 

1,055 

55,498 

12.08 

46.52 

123.10 

6,832.673 

14,726 

4,238,276 

6,408,160 

South Carolina. 

18 

1,238 

62,872 

13.36 

39.67 

113.25 

7,134,558 

15,376 

4,756,823 

7,341,080 

Tennessee. 

42 

1,014 

47,058 

12.32 

51.10 

133.38 

6,272,458 

13,518 

2,872,582 

5,497,280 

Texas. 

4 

230 

10,225 

12 

47.02 

127.80 

1,278,125 

2,755 

1,077,118 

1,814,490 

Virginia. 

11 

1,564 

56,490 

16 

47.57 

95.23 

5,334,025 

11,496 

4,255,383 

6,702,630 

Total. 

187 

10,495 

487,629 

12.5 

47.02 

122.53 

59,793,774 

128,526 

36,547,795 

60,572,220 


The consumption of 1873, it will be seen, was nearly double that reported 
by the Census of 1870; but there was a falling off in 1874, as compared with 
1873. This is readily explained by the panic. All lines of business since 
that event have suffered, and many of them severely. The showing, how¬ 
ever, is very creditable, and indicates plainly the great promise we have of 
a prosperous future, should things politically take a shape that will insure 
what all so much long for, namely, peace and good will among all classes 
and” sections. Why should the surplus capital so abundant in New England 
longer remain absent from this rich field of investment? There is no rea¬ 
son why, with the resources adequate capital could command, the conveni¬ 
ence of the ports on our coast, and the consequent accessibility to the larger 
markets of the country assured, this industry in the South should not aspire 
to the production of goods equal in excellence to any made North or in Eu¬ 
rope. 




























































Cotton in Great Britain. 

As the greater portion of the Crop of every Cotton producing Country finds a Market in Great Britain, that Country has become the Cotton Market 
of the World. The following Tables show in detail the Receipts, CoJisuiuption and Manufacture of Cotton in that JCingdom. 

Raw Cotton imported into Great Britain. 

Ellison <£: Co.^ Liverpool, 


14 



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1870 .' 1,071,770,000 ‘ 202,296,000 802,300,000 ‘ 140,000,000 1 . ' 447,096,000 







































































































16 


Movement of Cotton in Liverpool, year i873-’74. 


{New York Cotton Exchange.) 


WEEKS. 

Sales 

for 

Week. 

1873. 

RECEIPTS. 

STOCK IN PORT. 

AT SEA. 

Price 

Middling- 

Upland. 

Total. 

American. 

Total. 

American. 

Total. 

American. 

Sept. 

5 

Bales. 

75,740 

Bales. 

84,118 

Bales. 

17,282 

Bales. 

775,020 

Bales. 

275,300 

Bales. 

281,000 

Bales. 

41,000 

Pence. 

(( 

12 

107,400 

46,586 

27,465 

727,660 

256,960 

273,000 

27,000 

9 

(( 

19 

83,930 

49,620 

10,209 

7('7,060 

233,210 

267,000 

31,000 

9 

(( 

26 

72,260 

26,677 

7,840 

663,080 

211,820 

259,000 

25,000 

8% 

Oct. 

“S 

85,400 

60,445 

4,049 

645,460 

179,640 

216,000 

29,000 


(( 

10 

131,900 

42,509 

6,274 

593,350 

143,800 

184,000 

29,000 

9^@9i4 

U 

17 

74,930 

38,542 

15,712 

567.170 

128 330 

152,000 

23,000 


u 

24 

66,570 

24,761 

11,395 

524,820 

111,100 

176,000 

37,000 

9@9^ 

i( 

31 

55,290 

63,239 

11,942 

532,000 

97,990 

179,000 

59,000 

Nov. 

7 

57,450 

51,151 

10,967 

529,000 

84,850 

233,000 

94,000 

8% 

(( 

14 

72,010 

43,397 

22,152 

502,560 

73,090 

270,000 

130.000 

8K 

(( 

21 

74,450 

62,924 

32,189 

497,030 

72,010 

295,000 

153,000 

U 

28 

94,950 

62,248 

41,580 

477,420 

74,530 

299,000 

154,000 

8H@8% 

Dec. 

5 

92,970 

88,191 

59,032 

487,240 

95,760 

323,000 

174,000 

8K 

(i 

12 

65,600 

47,565 

20,897 

468,490 

82,810 

318,000 

180,000 

sii 

(( 

19 

90,140 

65,705 

30,253 

455.790 

77,100 

355,000 

225,000 

834 

(( 

26 

42,560 

55,942 

30,020 

474,540 

87,370 

332,000 

206,000 

834 

Jan. 

2 

39,110 

43,099 

23,663 

592,960 

148,690 

368,000 

240,000 


t( 

9 

90,290 

111,374 

71,481 

614,070 

174,360 

399,000 

285,000 

(( 

16 

80,860 

39,343 

21,010 

578,740 

156,.330 

435,000 

334,000 

(i 

23 

66,150 

98,314 

80,308 

612,920 

205,000 

418,000 

319,000 

8®8^ 


30 

71,790 

95,248 

69,634 

637,850 

230,470 

407,000 

302,000 

Feb. 

6 

72,700 

67,229 

27,031 

635,940 

218,360 

415,000 

341,000 


(( 

13 

90,630 

66,465 

38,887 

622,480 

215,810 

460,000 

349,000 

8 

(( 

20 

76,460 

127,552 

109,870 

682,200 

287,220 

414,000 

301,000 

7%@8 

i( 

27 

72,100 

111,900 

95,252 

722,640 

337,980 

396,000 

267,000 

7% 

March 

6 

71,160 

74,017 

41,924 

732,630 

340,040 

457,000 

316,000 

7%@7% 

a 

13 

77,780 

79,195 

48,899 

737,980 

345,720 

462,000 

310,000 

7%@8 

u 

20 

115,060 

72,920 

46,850 

713,400 

339,640 

503,000 

328,000 

834 

n 

27 

93,540 

66,713 

50,653 

700,640 

346,940 

518,000 

328,000 

834@8^ 

April 

3 

50,530 

97,824 

59,099 

750,950 

382,120 

490,000 

304,000 

S<| 

4( 

10 

53,320 

140,057 

110,944 

838,390 

461,100 

455,000 

248,000 

(( 

17 

93,150 

47,342 

30,945 

799,940 

442,320 

496,000 

258,000 

83| 

(i 

24 

102,460 

71,443 

46,772 

786,630 

440,160 

552,000 

256,000 

8M 

May 

1 

74,740 

84,942 

20,117 

803,960 

422,170 

615,000 

261,000 

834@8% 

834®8% 

(4 

8 

73,520 

47,237 

27,355 

780,710 

412,800 

674,000 

275,000 

(( 

15 

141,770 

89,560 

47,920 

772,050 

412,460 

672,000 

272,000 

8% 

83l 

ii 

22 

68,420 

75,659 

56,665 

58,471 

787,110 

437,270 

671,000 

238,000 

(( 

29 

36,100 

103,495 

853,640 

475,810 

667,000 

196,000 

8K 

June 

5 

67,550 

171,957 

93,379 

962,400 

531,810 

578,000 

124,000 

8%@8U 

834@8% 

t( 

12 

63,910 

44,343 

20,584 

952,560 

523,020 

627,000 

121,000 


19 

67,320 

47,489 

10,490 

941,960 

501,930 

624,000 

127,000 

834 

it 

26 

55,290 

78,788 

21,111 

959,980 

461,830 

613,000 

125,000 

8K 

July 

3 

70,290 

95,363 

53,423 

993,350 

484,660 

586,000 

80,000 

834 

(4 

10 

75,400 

71,301 

29,942 

998,770 

483,150 

471,000 

55,000 


u 

17 

63,800 

70,223 

9,372 

1,003,910 

460,600 

442,000 

54,000 


<c 

24 

64,900 

43,334 

9,881 

982,010 

942,930 

436,170 

439,000 

447,000 

52,000 

8^@8^ 

a 

31 

70,550 

22,874 

8,965 

415,040 

58,000 


Aug. 

7 

87,370 

46,494 

22,085 

910,690 

398,790 

444,000 

43,000 

834 


14 

89,630 

56,913 

11,530 

886,920 , 

371.000' 

436,000 

42,000 

834®8M 

(( 

21 

71,680 

91,529 

14,064 

910,230 

359,280 

387,000 

41,000 

8^ 

it 

28 

61,180 

21,497 

10,537 

870,030 

343,410 

384,000 

40,000 

1 oy. 


i 









































































































































































17 


The Consumption of Cotton by Europe. 

As presenting %vhdt is tiniversally accepted as the best estimate of European consumption, 
the following Table, prepared by M. Ott-Trumpler, of Zurich, is submitted: 


English Consumption. 


Years 
ending 
Sept. 30. 

American. 

Indian. 

Brazil. 

Egypt. 

Sundry. 

Total Bales. 

1872-’3. 

1,654.000 

737,000 

509,000 

306,000 

129,000 

3,335,000 

187l-’2, 

1,412 000 

658.000 

668,000 

239,000 

155,000 

3,132 000 

1870-1. 

1.925,000 

558,000 

379,000 

241,000 

119.0C0 

3,222,000 

1869 ’70. 

1,304 000 

834,000 

361,000 

168,000 

‘ 93,000 

2,760,000 

l868-’9, 

877,000 

013,000 

493,000 

175,000 

129,000 

2,587,000 

L867-’8, 

1.497.000 

799,-lOO 

533,000 

182,000 

111,000 

2,822,000 

1866-’7, 

1,016 000 

815,000 

298,000 

160,000 

125,000 

2.414,000 

1865-’6, 

846.000 

878,000 

259,000 

286,000 

150,000 

2,319,000 

1864- 5, 

187.000 

850,000 

203,000 

285,000 

348,000 

1.873,000 

1863-4, 

178,000 

620,000 

134,000 

219,000 

414,000 

1,565,000 

1862-’3, 

99,000 

905,000 

111,000 

163,000 

54,000 ' 

1,332 000 

1861-2, 

304 000 

675,000 

101,000 

422,000 

15,000 

1.217,000 

1860-’l, 

2,170,000 

249,000 


193,000 


2,612.000 


Consumption of the Continent. 


Years 







ending 

American. 

Indian. 

Brazil. 

Egypt. 

Sundry. 

Total Bales. 

Sept, 30 







1872-’3, 

669 000 

795.000 

144,000 

87,000 

189,000 

1,884 000 

1871-2, 

501,000 

703,000 

198,000 

49,000 

190,000 

1,641,000 

1870-’!. 

919,000 

733.000 

140,000 

96 000 

158,000 

2,046,000 

1869-’70, 

608,000 

623,000 

165 000 

58,000 

173,000 

1,627,000 

1868-’9, 

545,000 

850,000 

191,000. 

61,000 

269,000 

1.916,000 

1867-’8, 

538,000 

723,000 

175000 

69,000. 

277.000 

1,782,000 

1866-’7, 

532.000 

777 000 

152,000 

55,000 

217,000 

1.733.000 

1865-’6, 

391,000 

755.000 

, 164,000 

69.000 

237,000 

1,616000 

1864-’5, 

49 000 

637.000 

121,000 

89,000 

286,000 

1,182,000 

1863-’4, 

64.000 

543,000 

74,000 

106,000 

246,000 

1,033.000 

1862-’3, 

34,000 

559,000 

49,000 

64,000 

108,000 

814,000 

1861-’2, 

258,000 

415,000 

21,000 

42,000 

40,000 

776,000 

1860-’!, 

1,273 000 

425,000 


78,000 


1,776,000 


jyote.—^ Ott-Trunipler does not include in the above the receipts at the ports of Spain, Sweden and 
Russia. He says: “ The consumption of Russia, Sweden and Spain, is estimated at 8,COO bales per week, or 
416,000 bales per annum, and I find that these countries have received very nearly, one-half from Eng¬ 
land, and from ports on the continent comprised in my table, and the remaining half direct from the 
countries where produced, this remainder not being included in my statement. To determine, therefore, 
the consumption of the whole of Europe, there should be added to my estimate of consumption 208,000 bales.’, 

M. Pechen makes the consumption of the United States and Europe as 
follows; 


Countries. 

Spindles. 

Pounds. 

Countries. 

i ) 

Spindles. 

Pounds. 

United States ..... 

8,350,000 

476,000.000 

Austria . 

1,600.000 

106,900 000 

England. 

39,500,000 

1,284,000,000 

Spain.. 

1,400,000 

67.200,000 

France.. 

5,200,000 

5,100,000 

2,060,000 

197.009.000 

Belgium. 

550,000 

27,900,000 

ia ti V 

228,000.000 

56,000,000 

Italy . 

500.000 

24,000,000 

Switzerland. 

Holland. 

230,000 

9,800,000 

Kussia. 

2 ,000,000 

120 ,000,000 

Total. 

66,490,000 

2,596.800,000 


9 





















































































18 


Cotton in India, Brazil, Egypt, &c. 


India ranks next to the United States in the production of Cotton for 
sale, and is, therefore, our principal competitor in the trade of the world. 
Through the efforts mainly of the Cotton Supply Association of Manchester, 
England, new seed, methods of cultivation, cleaning, &c., have been intro¬ 
duced, resulting in improved quality of staple and condition for market. 
The population of India (180,000,000) is clad almost entirely in cotton, 
making an enormous crop necessary to meet domestic consumption. In 1858, 
Dr. Forbes Watson made India production as follows; For home consump¬ 
tion, 5,760,000 bales of 375 lbs. each; for exportation, 740,000 bales. 

The exports from all India, from 1835 to 1858, were as follows: 


Periods. 

SHIPPED FROM 

SHIPPED TO 

Total. 

Bombay. 

Madras. 

Bengal, 

(Calcutta.) 

Great 

Britain. 

China 
and other 
Ports. 

Pounds. 

91,309,665 

141,802,690 

133,886,826 

179.838,889 

222,076,713 

Pounds. 

13.576,300 

18,992,400 

13,969,569 

18,770,256 

15,962,242 

Pounds. 

31.380.575 

13.976,820 

9.900,497 

22,663,188 

9,702,974 

Pounds. 

51,161,059 

88,868.685 

70.757,425 

130,557,160 

185,229,082 

Pounds 

85,105,481 

85,903,225 

86,999,467 

90.715,173 

62,512,847 

Pounds. 

136.266,540 

174.771,910 

157,756.892 

221,272,333 

247.741,929 

1835-’39, 

1840-’44, 

1845-’49, 

1850-54, 

1855-’58, 


The increase since has been great. In 1867, Bombay exported 1,175,967 
bales, or 449,219,394 lbs.; Calcutta (Bengal) 432,865 bales, or 128,128,040 
lbs., and Madras about 300,000 bales, or 90,000,000 lbs. Total, 667,347,434 
lbs. Bombay being the principal point of shipment, its Cotton movement is 
specially noted by the trade. Exports from Bombay, in 1872, 1,017,035 
bales; in 1873, 913,000 bales; and, in 1874, 1,254,000 bales. 

The following quotations in the Liverpool market (December 30, 1868,) 
will show the relative standing of India Cotton as compared with that of 
other countries: 


Long Staple or Black Seed Varieties. 


Green Seed Varieties. 


Sea Island, middling. 


Egyptian, fair.. 

.lU “ 

Peruvian, fair. 

. in “ 

Pernambuco, fair. 

. lU '• 

West Indian, fair. 

.11 


New Orleans, middling, 

Mobile, middling . 

Upland, middling.. 

Smyrna, &c., fair,. 

Surats, I)harwars,fair... 
Surats, Dhollerahs, fair, 

Madras, fair.. 

Bengal, fair . 


... 11 

pence* 

....101 

44 

...101- 

41 

... 9^ 

Cl 

... 91 

41 

... 8f 

«4 

.... 8 i 

41 

.... 74 

C( 


While India brought the most effective aid to Europe, during the cotton 
famine produced by the war in America, still, taking the figures of M. Doll- 












































19 


FUS, this aid, or excess of her usual exportation, only reached, despite the 
stimulus of extraordinary prices, the equivalent of 20 per cent, of the nor¬ 
mal consumption of Europe. 

Brazil.— The Cotton of Brazil is of the long-staple variety, and began to 
reach England in good quantity as early as 1825. While no one will ques¬ 
tion her capacity, both as to extent of area, and favorable natural conditions 
otherwise, to produce this crop on a large scale, still her progress has been 
comparatively limited. Coffee and other crops have undoubtedly been 
found more profitable. Her average annual exports, from 1840 to 1843, 
were 21,816,708 lbs.; from 1844 to 1847, 23,143,166 lbs.; from 1848 to 
1851, 27,851,639 lbs.; from 1852 to 1855, 29,266,840 lbs. The prices 
ruling during our war induced a marked increase. From 1864 to 1868, the 
average export was 66,622,791 lbs. In the last year named (1868) it was 
98,719,035 lbs. The average weight of the bale, during the last five years 
mentioned, was 166 lbs. 

Egypt. —The Cotton grown in Egypt is long-staple, and ranks with that 
of Brazil. From 1850 to 1859, the export from Alexandria averaged 95,000 
bales, or 49,000,000 lbs. per annum. Receiving the same impulse during 
the war as Brazil, the crop, in 1864, reached 360,000 bales, and, in 1865, 
340,000 bales. As America advanced, Egypt fell oflP. In 1866, the crop 
was 210,000 bales, and, in 1867, 225,000 bales. Her ability is limited, and 
it is not probable that she will continue to make any particular figure, except 
it may be under the pressure of a cotton panic in this country, which is not 
likely to happen. 

An examination of the tables, showing imports into Great Britain and on 
the Continent, will exhibit the standing of the other sources of supply. They 
are not of sufficient importance to authorize any detailed statement here. 


The 

“ Commercial” COTTON 

PRODUCT OF THE 

WORLD 


Is approximately as follows : {average of four years.') 

United States.4,000,000 bales. 


,.1,760,000,000 lbs. 

East Indies 

.1,500 000 “ . 

“ 375 ” . 

,. 562,500,000 ” 

Brazil, &c 

. 750 000 ” . 

.... ” 156 ” . 

. 117,000,000 “ 

Effvnt. 

. 500 000 ” . 

565 “ . 

. 282,500,000 “ 

West Indies 

and others, 200,000 “ . 

“ 280 ” . 

,. 56.000,000 ” 


Totals.6,950,000 bales. 


2,778,000,000 lbs. 


The weights given are of Cotton without tare. This table represents, as 
mentioned, the Cotton of Commerce; the entire production throughout the 
world is believed to be double this quantity, certainly from 60 to 75 per 
cent. more. 
























The Agriculture of the United States. 

TABLE showing valuaiion of Farms, Popnlation engaged in Far??iing, value of Yearly Products, IVages Paid, &^e., in the several gra7td 

divisiotis of the United States. {^United States Ce^tsus, iSyo.) 


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